ASP, CGI and PHP Scripts and Record-Locking: What Every Webmaster Needs To Know Published by Sunil Tanna Submitted: 18 June,2005 Many of us install server-side (ASP, CGI or PHP) scripts on our web sites, and many of this scripts store data on the server. However, poorly designed scripts can experience performance problems and sometimes even data corruption on busy (and not so busy) web sites. If you're not a programmer, why should this matter to you? Answer: Even if you're just installing and using server-side scripts, you'll want to make sure that the scripts that you choose don't randomly break or corrupt your data. First, some examples of the types of scripts which store data on web servers include: (Of course, many scripts in each of these (and other) categories are well-designed, and run perfectly well even on very busy web sites). 1. Follow-up autoresponders typically store the list of subscribers to the autoresponder, as well where in the sequence of messages, each subscriber is. Examples of autoresponder scripts: http://www.scriptcavern.com/scr_email_auto.php 2. Classified ad scripts store (at least) a list of all the classified ads placed by visitors. Examples of this type of script: http://www.scriptcavern.com/scr_classified.php 3. Free for all links scripts store a list of all links posted by visitors. See some example scripts listed at: http://www.scriptcavern.com/scr_ffa.php 4. Top site scripts usually store a list of the members of the top site as well as information about the number of "votes" that each has received. For examples of this type of script, see http://www.scriptcavern.com/scr_topsite.php So what kind of scripts have problems? And what sort of problems am I talking about? Well the principle problems all relate to what happens when bits of data from multiple users needs to be stored on updated at the same time. Some scripts handle these situations well, but others don't... DATA CORRUPTION Here's a common data corruption problem that can occur with many scripts: 1. When some bit of data needs to be updated, a copy of the server-side script starts running, and then starts updating it. 2. If another user comes along and does an update before the first copy of the script has finished, a second copy of the script starts running at the same time. 3. There are a number of ways things can now go wrong, for example: (a) What if the first copy of the script reads in the data, then the second copy reads the same data, then the first copy updates the data, then the second copy updates the data? Answer: any changes made by the first copy of the script can get lost. (b) What if the first and second copy of scripts are both adding multiple bits of new data to the store at the same time? For example, imagine each needs to store the headline, description and the name of the person posting a classified ad. Well, what can happen (with some scripts) is the two classified ads can get intermingled, so you might get (for example) HEADLINE-1, DESCRIPTION-1, HEADLINE-2, PERSON-1, DESCRIPTION-2, PERSON-2. Or worse yet, you might get bits of each part of each classified ad, mixed with the bits of the other. This type of thing is usually really bad news, as your data may consequently becoming unusable from that point on. Does this sound too unlikely a problem to worry about? Don't bank on it... even if it happens only 1 time in 1,000, or 1 in 10,000, eventually it will happen: You need a solution. So the real question is: is it possible for programmers to create scripts without these kinds of problems? Fortunately the answer is yes, and there are a number of ways that programmers can address it: 1. They can store each bit of data in a separate file. This isn't necessarily a total solution by itself (in particular, a script which just does this could still have problems if multiple copies of a script update the same file at the same time), but it does make data corruption less likely, and if corruption does occur, at least it won't corrupt the entire data store in one go. 2. They can use file-locking. This means that if one copy of a script is working with a file, another copy of the script is prevented from working on that file, until the first copy has finished. File-locking works if done correctly, but programming it into a script needs to be done very carefully and precisely, for every single possible case... even a tiny bug or omission can allow the possibility of data-corruption in through the backdoor! 3. They can use a database (such as MySQL) to store the data. Provided the data is properly structured in the database, the database handles the locking automatically. And, as the programmer doesn't have to write their own special locking routines, the possibility of bugs and omissions are much reduced. PERFORMANCE PROBLEMS Of course, avoiding having your data corrupted should be the paramount consideration in choosing a script, but is there anything else we need to be concerned about? Answer: Performance Of course, all webmasters are aiming to build busy high traffic web sites... but will your scripts be able to handle the load? Go back and re-read the paragraph on file-locking. Now think about what would happen if all the classified ads on your classified page were stored in a single file (or all the links on your top site, or all the subscribers to your autoresponder, etc.). What would happen? Answer: Because each update can only be performed after the previous update has been completely finished, your site may be slow, or even unable to handle all your users' requests. So what's the solution? There's two options that programmers can use: 1. They can use lots of small files and file-lock each individually (for example, one per classified, one per top site listing, etc.). Of course, this needs to be handled very carefully... 2. They can use a database (like MySQL), as databases allow any one individual record ("row") to be updated, even when another is also being updated. IN CONCLUSION Now, let's summarise: 1. Scripts that store data in files need to use file-locking to avoid data-corruption, and they also need to break the data into separately updateable chunks to avoid performance problems on busy web sites. 2. Scripts that store data in databases (like MySQL), provided of course that they have been properly coded, are usually less likely to suffer from data-corruption or performance problems. And one additional point: 3. Even the best script is not immune to hard-disk hardware failures, your web host being struck by lightning, and all the other snafus that can happen. So, do take regular back-ups of any data that you can't afford to lose! In short, even if you're not a script programmer, you need to be aware of data storage issues. In future, when considering a script for your web site, don't be afraid to ask some hard questions about how it stores data and how well it handles multiple users. This article is Copyright (C) 2005, Answers 2000 Limited. About the Author: This article was written by Sunil Tanna of Answers 2000. 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